diff --git a/knowledge/collection.py b/knowledge/collection.py
index 26b3ee1..53566e2 100644
--- a/knowledge/collection.py
+++ b/knowledge/collection.py
@@ -134,6 +134,9 @@ class CollectionMixin:
         """
         from .base import BM25Index
 
+        # 从磁盘重新加载元数据，确保多 worker 进程间状态一致
+        self._metadata = self._load_metadata()
+
         if not kb_name or not kb_name.replace('_', '').isalnum():
             return False, "向量库名称只能包含字母、数字和下划线"
 
@@ -190,6 +193,9 @@ class CollectionMixin:
         Returns:
             更新成功返回 True，向量库不存在返回 False
         """
+        # 从磁盘重新加载元数据，确保多 worker 进程间状态一致
+        self._metadata = self._load_metadata()
+
         collections = self._metadata.get("collections", {})
         if kb_name not in collections:
             return False
@@ -228,6 +234,9 @@ class CollectionMixin:
         """
         import shutil
 
+        # 从磁盘重新加载元数据，确保多 worker 进程间状态一致
+        self._metadata = self._load_metadata()
+
         if kb_name == PUBLIC_KB_NAME:
             return False, "公开知识库不能删除"
 
@@ -352,40 +361,8 @@ class CollectionMixin:
         self._metadata = self._load_metadata()
         result = []
 
-        # 扫描 base_path 下的所有子目录作为向量库
-        # 每个向量库使用独立目录：base_path/my_ky, base_path/public_kb 等
-        actual_collections = []
-        try:
-            if os.path.exists(self.base_path):
-                for item in os.listdir(self.base_path):
-                    item_path = os.path.join(self.base_path, item)
-                    if os.path.isdir(item_path) and not item.startswith('.'):
-                        # 检查是否包含 chroma.sqlite3（有效的向量库目录）
-                        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(item_path, 'chroma.sqlite3')):
-                            actual_collections.append(item)
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"扫描向量库目录失败: {e}")
-
-        # 如果扫描失败，回退到元数据中的集合列表
-        if not actual_collections:
-            actual_collections = list(self._metadata.get("collections", {}).keys())
-
-        for name in actual_collections:
-            if name not in self._metadata.get("collections", {}):
-                if "collections" not in self._metadata:
-                    self._metadata["collections"] = {}
-                self._metadata["collections"][name] = {
-                    "display_name": name,
-                    "department": "",
-                    "description": "",
-                    "created_at": datetime.now().isoformat()
-                }
-                logger.info(f"自动补充向量库元数据: {name}")
-
-        self._save_metadata()
-
-        stale_collections = []
-
+        # 以元数据为唯一真相源，不再扫描磁盘自动补充
+        # （扫描磁盘会导致其他 worker 刚创建/删除的集合被误操作）
         for name, info in self._metadata.get("collections", {}).items():
             try:
                 collection = self.get_collection(name)
@@ -398,17 +375,18 @@ class CollectionMixin:
                     description=info.get("description", "")
                 ))
             except Exception as e:
+                # 只跳过不修改元数据（可能是其他 worker 刚创建的集合）
                 logger.warning(
-                    f"跳过异常向量库 '{name}': {e}，可能是 ChromaDB 数据目录已丢失"
+                    f"跳过异常向量库 '{name}': {e}"
                 )
-                stale_collections.append(name)
-
-        # 清理元数据中指向已失效集合的条目
-        if stale_collections:
-            for name in stale_collections:
-                self._metadata.get("collections", {}).pop(name, None)
-                logger.info(f"清理失效向量库元数据: {name}")
-            self._save_metadata()
+                result.append(CollectionInfo(
+                    name=name,
+                    display_name=info.get("display_name", name),
+                    document_count=0,
+                    created_at=info.get("created_at", ""),
+                    department=info.get("department", ""),
+                    description=info.get("description", "")
+                ))
 
         return result
 
@@ -422,4 +400,6 @@ class CollectionMixin:
         Returns:
             存在返回 True，不存在返回 False
         """
+        # 从磁盘重新加载元数据，确保多 worker 进程间状态一致
+        self._metadata = self._load_metadata()
         return kb_name in self._metadata.get("collections", {})
diff --git a/knowledge/manager.py b/knowledge/manager.py
index 31a8e86..346698c 100644
--- a/knowledge/manager.py
+++ b/knowledge/manager.py
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@
 import os
 import json
 import threading
+try:
+    import fcntl
+    _HAS_FCNTL = True
+except ImportError:
+    _HAS_FCNTL = False
 from typing import List, Dict, Optional, Tuple
 from pathlib import Path
 import logging
@@ -134,22 +139,36 @@ class KnowledgeBaseManager(
         logger.info(f"知识库管理器初始化完成，路径: {self.base_path}，发现 {len(existing_kbs)} 个向量库: {existing_kbs}")
 
     def _load_metadata(self) -> dict:
-        """加载元数据"""
+        """加载元数据（带文件锁）"""
         metadata_path = os.path.join(self.base_path, KB_METADATA_FILE)
         if os.path.exists(metadata_path):
             try:
                 with open(metadata_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-                    return json.load(f)
+                    if _HAS_FCNTL:
+                        fcntl.flock(f.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+                    try:
+                        return json.load(f)
+                    finally:
+                        if _HAS_FCNTL:
+                            fcntl.flock(f.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_UN)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error(f"加载元数据失败: {e}")
         return {"collections": {}}
 
     def _save_metadata(self):
-        """保存元数据"""
+        """保存元数据（带文件锁，防止并发写入覆盖）"""
         metadata_path = os.path.join(self.base_path, KB_METADATA_FILE)
         try:
             with open(metadata_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-                json.dump(self._metadata, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
+                if _HAS_FCNTL:
+                    fcntl.flock(f.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+                try:
+                    json.dump(self._metadata, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
+                    f.flush()
+                    os.fsync(f.fileno())
+                finally:
+                    if _HAS_FCNTL:
+                        fcntl.flock(f.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_UN)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"保存元数据失败: {e}")